Cartographic Projection
every map is wrong, and by exactly how much
Concept

Integration — where it appears

Following a direction field from a starting point to build a trajectory, which is what a drainage route and a geodesic both are. What a projection does to an integrated path is decided entirely by what it does to directions, so a conformal map preserves such paths exactly and no other kind does.

Named by 2 essays across 2 fields — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

Where two equal geodesics meet, from 15° north. A geodesic leaving at azimuth α and its mirror image at −α have the same length wherever they meet, and by symmetry they meet on the antipodal meridian. On a sphere they all meet at one point, the antipode, to 1.4e-7° — the flat line. On the ellipsoid the meeting latitude moves with the azimuth, from -15.563° to -15.009°, so the set of points with two shortest routes is an arc 61 km long, and the distance to it varies by 31 km along its own length.

Where the shortest route stops being the only one

On a sphere there is exactly one point with no shortest route from a given place: the antipode. On the ellipsoid the Earth actually is, that point is an arc — sixty-six kilometres of the antipodal meridian for a point on the equator, half a kilometre for one at 85°, and every point of it reachable by two different geodesics of exactly equal length.

paths · Paths Steepest descent on Lambert cylindrical, computed on the ground and on the page. Fifteen routes, each started at the same place twice. The solid line follows the true direction of steepest descent on the sphere; the dashed line follows the direction read off the page at every step, which is what an analysis of a projected grid does. Both take the same length of step on the ground, so the only difference between them is the direction. They part by up to 1517.8 kilometres, against a bearing error of 45.6°. The faint lines are contours of the field, which is seven caps at stated centres and widths.

Water runs downhill on the ground, not on the page

A drainage network is the set of steepest-descent trajectories of a field, so it is built entirely out of directions. A conformal map preserves those directions exactly and therefore preserves the whole network; an equal-area map does not, and sends a route up to 892 kilometres away from where the water actually goes.

distortion · Gradient

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

AntipodeConformalityConvergenceCut locusDualityEllipsoidEqual-areaFlatteningGeodesicGradientGreat circleInvariant

All concepts