Cartographic Projection
every map is wrong, and by exactly how much
Figure

Two square worlds: Mercator's areas against an equal-area scheme's angles

Drawn here at the parameters it defaults to, with every essay that calls it.
Two square worlds: Mercator's areas against an equal-area scheme's angles. Both projections give a world exactly as wide as it is tall, so either could carry a quadtree of square tiles. Mercator keeps every angle and inflates area by sec²φ — 132-fold at 85°. The cylindrical equal-area scheme whose world is square has standard parallels at ±55.65° — the solution of π cos²φ₀ = 1 — and keeps every area exactly, at a cost of nothing there and 145° of angular deformation at the edges. At the standard parallel itself Mercator's areal factor is 3.142, which is π, because the square-world condition and sec²φ are the same equation.

Both projections give a world exactly as wide as it is tall, so either could carry a quadtree of square tiles. Mercator keeps every angle and inflates area by sec²φ — 132-fold at 85°. The cylindrical equal-area scheme whose world is square has standard parallels at ±55.65° — the solution of π cos²φ₀ = 1 — and keeps every area exactly, at a cost of nothing there and 145° of angular deformation at the edges. At the standard parallel itself Mercator's areal factor is 3.142, which is π, because the square-world condition and sec²φ are the same equation.

It is one of 12 figures drawn by the same construction, and the drawing above is this one with nothing changed.

3 essays call it. Every call below passes it something, because a placement that passes nothing draws whichever member of the family the generator happens to default to rather than the one its essay argues about.

Where it is called

Changing this changes every one of these figures.

The tile pyramid, four levels down to quadkey 120. The world as a square, quartered three times. Each level's tile is exactly half the width of its parent, so a tile is four tiles at the next level and never needs resampling to serve one — the property the whole scheme rests on, and one that holds only because the projected world is square. Level 3 has 64 tiles at 19567.9 metres per pixel, which at 51.5° north is 12181.3 metres of ground per pixel rather than the number the scheme publishes. What a machine does with it

A screen map is a pyramid of tiles

The scheme every slippy map runs on is a coordinate system with three integers and one projection, and almost all of it is forced. A square world is what makes the quadtree work, the levels are exact powers of two, and the published resolution — 156,543 metres per pixel at zoom zero — is a distance on the ground at exactly one latitude.

 The cut at 85.0511°, and the alternatives that are not square. Mercator's northing runs to infinity at the pole, so a tiling has to stop somewhere, and the latitude is not a rounding: 85.0511° is where the northing equals half the world's width, which is the only cut that makes the projected world a square. The bars are what other cuts would give — at 89° the world is 1.51 times as tall as it is wide, and a single square root tile cannot cover it. The price is 0.373 per cent of the Earth's surface, 1,901,487 square kilometres in two caps, computed from 2πR²(1 − sin φ) rather than estimated. What a machine does with it

The square costs the poles

The cut at 85.0511287798° is the most-quoted number in web mapping and is almost never derived. It is where Mercator's northing equals half the world's width — the condition for a square — and it drops 1,901,487 square kilometres. A two-tile root would have reached 89.786° and dropped 3,558.

 Two square worlds: Mercator's areas against an equal-area scheme's angles. Both projections give a world exactly as wide as it is tall, so either could carry a quadtree of square tiles. Mercator keeps every angle and inflates area by sec²φ — 132-fold at 85°. The cylindrical equal-area scheme whose world is square has standard parallels at ±55.65° — the solution of π cos²φ₀ = 1 — and keeps every area exactly, at a cost of nothing there and 145° of angular deformation at the edges. At the standard parallel itself Mercator's areal factor is 3.142, which is π, because the square-world condition and sec²φ are the same equation. What a machine does with it

The pyramid did not have to be Mercator

The usual defence is that a quadtree needs a square world and Mercator supplies one. So does the cylindrical equal-area with standard parallels at ±55.654° — the solution of π cos²φ₀ = 1 — and it needs no polar cut at all. What Mercator actually buys is conformality, and the price of giving it up is 13.8° of shear at 60° north.

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